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Harvard Study on 2016 Election Coverage: Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation

PKrockin

Member
https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/33759251?show=full

Harvard recently studied on how online media covered the election, influenced each other, and how people shared it through social media. It's 140 pages and covers over 2 million stories by 70,000 sources between May 2015 and Election Day. The results will probably not be surprising to those of us posting here. Here are just a few highlights.

In this study, we analyze both mainstream and social media coverage of the 2016 United States presidential election. We document that the majority of mainstream media coverage was negative for both candidates, but largely followed Donald Trump's agenda: when reporting on Hillary Clinton, coverage primarily focused on the various scandals related to the Clinton Foundation and emails. When focused on Trump, major substantive issues, primarily immigration, were prominent. Indeed, immigration emerged as a central issue in the campaign and served as a defining issue for the Trump campaign. We find that the structure and composition of media on the right and left are quite different. The leading media on the right and left are rooted in different traditions and journalistic practices. On the conservative side, more attention was paid to pro-Trump, highly partisan media outlets. On the liberal side, by contrast, the center of gravity was made up largely of long-standing media organizations steeped in the traditions and practices of objective journalism.

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Our clearest and most significant observation is that the American political system has seen not a symmetrical polarization of the two sides of the political map, but rather the emergence of a discrete and relatively insular right-wing media ecosystem whose shape and communications practices differ sharply from the rest of the media ecosystem, ranging from the center-right to the left. Right-wing media were centered on Breitbart and Fox News, and they presented partisan-disciplined messaging, which was not the case for the traditional professional media that were the center of attention across the rest of the media sphere. The right-wing media ecosystem partly insulated its readers from nonconforming news reported elsewhere and moderated the effects of bad news for Donald Trump's candidacy. While we observe highly partisan and clickbait news sites on both sides of the partisan divide, especially on Facebook, on the right these sites received amplification and legitimation through an attention backbone that tied the most extreme conspiracy sites like Truthfeed, Infowars, through the likes of Gateway Pundit and Conservative Treehouse, to bridging sites like the Daily Caller and Breitbart that legitimated and normalized the paranoid style that came to typify the right-wing ecosystem in the 2016 election. This attention backbone relied heavily on social media.

Asymmetric vulnerabilities: The right and left were subject to media manipulation in different ways.

The more insulated right-wing media ecosystem was susceptible to sustained network propaganda and disinformation, particularly misleading negative claims about Hillary Clinton. Traditional media accountability mechanisms—for example, fact-checking sites, media watchdog groups, and cross-media criticism—appear to have wielded little influence on the insular conservative media sphere. Claims aimed for ”internal" consumption within the right-wing media ecosystem were more extreme, less internally coherent, and appealed more to the ”paranoid style" of American politics than claims intended to affect mainstream media reporting.

The institutional commitment to impartiality of media sources at the core of attention on the left meant that hyperpartisan, unreliable sources on the left did not receive the same amplification that equivalent sites on the right did.

These same standard journalistic practices were successfully manipulated by media and activists on the right to inject anti-Clinton narratives into the mainstream media narrative. A key example is the use of the leaked Democratic National Committee's emails and her campaign chairman John Podesta's emails, released through Wikileaks, and the sustained series of stories written around email-based accusations of influence peddling. Another example is the book and movie release of Clinton Cashtogether with the sustained campaign that followed, making the Clinton Foundation the major post-convention story. By developing plausible narratives and documentation susceptible to negative coverage, parallel to the more paranoid narrative lines intended for internal consumption within the right-wing media ecosystem, and by ”working the refs," demanding mainstream coverage of anti-Clinton stories, right-wing media played a key role in setting the agenda of mainstream, center-left media. We document these dynamics in the Clinton Foundation case study section of this report.


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Understanding the role of immigration in the 2016 election is complicated by the many facets of the issue and the distinct frames used to describe the topic, each of which resonated with different subsets of the electorate. A review of the Breitbart immigration stories shared most often on Twitter suggests that fear of Muslims and Islam, expressed both in cultural and physical security terms, was their primary frame for immigration. The Breitbart stories also included economic arguments, such as that immigrants fill jobs that would otherwise go to U.S. citizens, or that immigrants place a burden on government services and often end up on welfare. An additional line of argument was that immigrants endanger the physical safety of U.S. citizens: the Breitbart stories argued that immigrants are more likely to commit crimes or acts of terrorism or introduce dangerous communicable diseases. A related but distinct assertion was that immigrants are coming in sufficient numbers that they will impose their customs, culture, and religion on the U.S. This fear appears to be highest in relation to Muslim immigrants, as seen in fears that large Muslim communities would institute Sharia law in the towns they inhabit.

Interestingly, they find that Clinton supporters tended not to share stories from center-right or right news sources as much as Trump supporters shared stories from center-left or left sources, suggesting liberals are more insular than conservatives. Does this mean liberals are a bunch of babies sitting in their ideological echo chambers? Well:

The weight of evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that partisan sharing patterns on Twitter are based primarily in media outlet editorial policies and less in the differences between liberals and conservatives in their willingness to engage with opposing views. Partisans on both sides share stories from the other side that confirm their existing beliefs, not in order to engage these other stories or refute them. Liberal media produced more content that partisans on the right found to their liking than conservative media produced that partisans on the left liked. Clinton supporters found very little coverage deemed worthy of sharing in the media sources most popular among Trump supporters. On the other hand, Trump supporters frequently found stories to share that aligned with their narrative.

I could spend all day posting graphs and data, go check it out.
 

Wilsongt

Member
So the right wing titanium bubble was impenetrable, and the left managed to fall into the "both sides" horserace narrative.
 

The Lamp

Member
Oh my god I can't wait to read all those juicy pages. Good highlights in the OP. It's tragic how susceptible we fell to this media manipulation
 

teh_pwn

"Saturated fat causes heart disease as much as Brawndo is what plants crave."
Goddamn it!!!
I'm guessing this does not bode well for the future of our country

Well at least Trump gets the scandal focus next time, suggests he'd lose badly even if he had a clean slate on approval reatings.
 

royalan

Member
Yep.

Conservative media tends to be pretty brazen and unapologetic about their right-wing slant. It's mostly center and center-left news media that caves into this need to equally represent "both" sides, even if to do so means giving air time to conservative conspiracy-weaving loons and then giving additional airtime to those conspiracies (*cough* CNN *cough*).
 
Oh my god I can't wait to read all those juicy pages. Good highlights in the OP. It's tragic how susceptible we fell to this media manipulation
You're still all falling for it every day.

It's this that makes me very nervous for future elections as well.
 
Look. Anger resonated with more people, plain and simple.

Also, Clinton would have had a better chance if the FBI email resurrection didn't happen.
 
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