Akia said:
Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) was an uneducated, illiterate from the nomads of Arabia living during 570-638 AD. I don't think its very plausible that he would be able to come up with those scientific ideas himself.
As Muslims we believe that the Qur'an is the word of God revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. The verses that reference scientific discoveries that weren't discovered for hundreds of years later are one of the many signs of the Qur'an being the word of God.
In my opinion, the bigger sign is the complexity and structure of the Arabic within the Qur'an couldn't have been written by an illiterate. The best literary poets and writers of the Arabic language at the time have tried and were unable to produce pieces that even come close to the Qur'an.
With the greatest of respect to you and to the Prophet (peace be upon him), I don't believe that this sort of errant analysis is to the credit of Islam, nor of any benefit in understanding the Qur'an.
As to the science, it isn't modern - or at least not so much that it is necessarly informed by anything other than the science known at the time. Astronomy in particular was far more widely studied and known about in ancient times than it is now. Light pollution has a great deal to answer for - it astonishes me how many people I find who have never even looked at the stars with any serious curiosity. Similarly the rain cycle was well understood thousands of years before.
As for illiteracy and lack of education well, these don't mean that a person is stupid. In modern Western societies we may tend to think that - indeed "illiterate" is often used as shorthand for stupidity - but I've met very many illiterate people who were bright, smart, persuasive and extremely good at following complex arguments and logic (far more so than many literate people who rely on books). Literacy by itself is not all it is cracked up to be.
It is clear that the Prophet (peace be upon him) spoke with and learnt from many people. He was at the very least a gregarious and sociable person. And he lived at a time when science was close to a peak and literacy was on a sharp rise in the Arab world.
It does not seem to me to be necessary to make extravagant and possibly unsustainable claims about the origins of the Qur'an in order to respect Islam - and it may be counter-productive in that it leads to arguments that are far from the aims and objects of Islam.
To address your particular points:
I don't think its very plausible that he would be able to come up with those scientific ideas himself.
Well, no, but he spoke to lots of people and travelled a great deal, it is not like he lived in a vacuum. Far from it. He listened to and learnt from others, and it isn't blasphemy to say so. So do all of us.
The verses that reference scientific discoveries that weren't discovered for hundreds of years later are one of the many signs of the Qur'an being the word of God.
The verses that unequivocally refer to scientific discoveries refer to discoveries made in ancient times. Not all science is modern. As for the others - they are stretches of interpretation.
In my opinion, the bigger sign is the complexity and structure of the Arabic within the Qur'an couldn't have been written by an illiterate.
Probably it could have been. It comes as a surprise to Westerners just how creative and compelling the words of so-called illiterates can be because they are so used to illiterates being labelled stupid. At some stage the Prophet learned to write. I don't see there being any problem with what he then wrote being whatever it is.
Let's be clear here. I'm not saying that the Qur'an is therefore not the word of Allah. All I'm saying is that these arguments don't go any distance to proving that it is.
I'm trying to be reasonable and balanced here. Let's hope nobody takes it the wrong way!