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[Grakl]

Ghosts are illusions of the mind? Then who threw the brick?

Brickneto.

 

[Timeaisis]

so I don't understand. They were blindfolded. So they were "sensing" a presence or "feeling" a presence but nobody was actually seeing a presence?

While I don't believe in ghosts, I think of them generally as a 'visual phenomenon' so to be related there would have to be something related to sight with the experiment, right?

Bingo. I don't believe in ghosts either, but this proves nothing interesting. Basically, they proved that if humans have weird sensory experiences, many times they will assume there is another presence in the room besides themselves. Woo. We knew that already.

I was hoping this was going to be something along the lines of "people literally saw ghosts", because that would be pretty great. All this shows is the human mind is easily creeped the fuck out. No shit.

They "saw" ghosts and "believed" their backs were being touched.



They were "blindfolded" and had a mechanism physically contacting their backs.

So what is it? Are they seeing ghosts or are they blindfolded? Are they sensing touch, or being touched?

WTF is this?

Also, this. I'm guessing it's a mistake in the article. I doubt the participants actually saw anything.

 

[SenorArdilla]

Super misleading title as the experiments only pertain to the 'feeling' or sense of a presence rather than being able to explain actual visual phenomena (photos, multiple viewers, etc).

Still awesome to know how inept our brains can be.

Yep.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJyvcNmYwr4

 

[ActuallyHulk]

This isn't really anything new. Everyone knows the mind can play tricks on you in all sorts of ways, not just by making you think there's a ghost there. I've had a few extremely creepy things happen with some friends so I would be more interested in hearing how they explain visual and audible occurrences that occurred with the lights on and not blindfolded that several people can vouch for.

 

[Version 3.0]

I was hoping for something a lot more interesting than this.

Right? Something actually WAS touching them, remotely controlled by their own movement.

That's not equivalent of a real life ghost "sighting". This doesn't prove a thing, even though ghosts most likely are just distorted perception.

 

[Veritigo_X]

Ghosts are illusions of the mind? Then who threw the brick?

Haha, I love how a ghost hunter freaks out when he encounters a "ghost". Act like you've been there before, man!

 

[Trojita]

So a group of people are blindfolded, given the ability to control a mechanical arm that when initiated would touch their back, and are taken aback when the mechanical arm touches them at an unexpected time.

Something something ghosts?

 

[sirap]

Are they sure it isn't Cooper?

 

[Volimar]

Fools! This is just what the ghosts want you to think!

 

[FoxSpirit]

They artificially tweaked their minds way of perceiving the environment around them. It invoked psychological feelings of presence and ghostly feelings.

Hence dumb people in stupid situations see and feel shit that isn't really there.

No, it's regular people in stupid situations. The difference is that for me it's a funny mind-hiccup, for others it's spooky reality.
Don't give in to paranoia.

 

[SmugAgentCoulson]

what the fuck are our scientists doing

 

[obin_gam]

No. Ghosts or such are just "infra-sound" that fucks with our head and vision.

Frenchman Vladimir Gavreau found that infrasound - that is sound which is between 7 and 19Hz makes people naciousand induces a claustrofobic feeling. These sounds appear in round areas or areas with tubes and pipes.

Via cracked: http://www.cracked.com/article_18828_the-creepy-scientific-explanation-behind-ghost-sightings.html

Excerpts from the published book: Sonic Warfare: Sound, Affect, and the Ecology of Fear by Steve Goodman

While working in his robotics laboratory Vladimir Gavreau noticed that one of his assistants was bleeding from the ears, despite the absence of rebelling robots choking him.

Puzzled, Gavreau started researching the phenomenon by holding vibrating pipes next to clueless assistants. We'll never know what excuse he used when they turned around and asked him why their ears were bleeding, but one way or another Gavreau soon realized that a vibrating pipe of the right length and girth can cause a number of unpleasant effects ranging from mild irritation to serious pain.

British scientists later tested this on a group of unsuspecting victims: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3077192/

Lord and Wiseman played four contemporary pieces of live music, including some laced with infrasound, at a London concert hall and asked the audience to describe their reactions to the music.

The audience did not know which pieces included infrasound, but 22 percent reported more unusual experiences when it was present in the music.

Their unusual experiences included feeling uneasy or sorrowful, getting chills down the spine or nervous feelings of revulsion or fear.

A certain Vic Tandy has also made experiments with these sounds, which tries to explain why you see ghosts, after a encounter with one he made himself. It turned out to be gases which vibrated in 19Hz which made his vision unclear.

The Ghost in the Machine, Published in the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research Vol.62, No 851 April 1998 (pdf)

Abstract
In this paper we outline an as yet
undocumented natural cause for some
cases of ostensible haunting. Using the
first author’s own experience as an
example, we show how a 19hz standing
air wave may under certain conditions
create sensory phenomena suggestive of
a ghost. The mechanics and physiology
of this ‘ghost in the machine’ effect is
outlined. Spontaneous case researchers
are encouraged to rule out this potential
natural explanation for paranormal
experience in future cases of the
haunting or poltergeistic type.

After this, people tested this theory in a tunnel under a church. Turned out the basic same results: Something in the cellar. Published in Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, Vol. 64.3, No 860 (pdf)

Abstract
An investigation into the link between infrasound and the
perception of apparitions was performed in the 14th Century
cellar beneath the Tourist Information Centre in Coventry.
Based on the effect described in The Ghost in the Machine
(Tandy and Lawrence 1998) details of individuals experiences
were recorded and an analysis performed to test for any
infrasound present in the cellar. Infrasound was found to be
present at the point at which individuals had reported
apparitional experiences at exactly the same frequency as that
predicted in the original paper.

 

[Freeza Under The Shower]

Who you gonna call?

*squint*

 

[SunF50]

Does your imagination cause the lights to flicker? The doors to slam? Radio/Tv to turn on by itself?

 

[hodgy100]

im spook'd

 

[slider]

That sounds pretty fucking great as an experience. And I'm the biggest scaredy cat in the world. I wonder if someone will use it for a theme park experience??

 

[Woody Invincible]

We are simply learning to open the gateway to the ghost world.

spookt

 

[FantasticMrFoxdie]

5spooky10me



Then who was Ouija?

 

[Clydefrog]

Aw man, they JUST missed Halloween too!

 

[CountAntonius]

I can believe the theory. Before I knew what Sleep paralysis was I used to hallucinate that something was getting in bed next to me before it began and my mind made up all kinds of weird thing to explain what was happening to me and it all seemed very real. A lot of people still think that it's a ghost holding you down.

 

[GentlemanCrow]

"Look, gang! It was scientists all along!"

"And we would have gotten away with it too, if we hadn't published our findings!"

 

[Raxus]

An early experiment with the ghost.

 

[Arthr2ShdsJcksn]

Science disproves existence of ghosts.
The Holy Ghost is a ghost.
God is the Holy Ghost.

Science disproves (Christian) God.

Allah be praised. Now I can have a pizza.

 

[umop_3pisdn]

Can they use them to magically animate golems and power turbines and shit.

 

[benzy]

This doesn't explain shit.

 

[The Lamonster]

uhhh this is fascinating

 

[Dice]

Still waiting on someone to explain how my siblings and I all saw the same dude in our house in different times and contexts over a couple months, when we all didn't tell each other because we didn't want to seem crazy, until a random ghost discussion came up a couple years later. I guess a skeptic could assume it was that thing where you come up with fake memories or something, but it was a deeply novel and impressing experience for each of us before we ever discussed it. We came to the table with the details, we didn't hash them out together.

I'm not saying it was a spirit, but when you see a stranger in your house in the middle of the day and he fucking vanishes before your eyes before you can say anything to him because you thought he was a real person, that's a little different from a "sense of something there" or a blob in the dark. Either we all have a psychic bond to transmit the same hallucination to each other or something incredibly complicated went on.

 

[John Kowalski]

jeez no wonder ghosts are so depressed all the time

 

[Chmpocalypse]

By Sarah Knapton, Science Editor

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/...-scientists-in-disturbing-lab-experiment.html

Scientists in Switzerland have shown that ghosts are probably just an illusion created by the mind when it momentarily loses track of the body’s location

Ghostly apparitions and hauntings have pervaded folklore and legend for thousands of years, but now scientists have shown that they are just a figment of the imagination.

Artificial ‘spectres’ were conjured up by an experiment which proved so disconcerting for participants that two begged for it to stop.

Scientists have long suspected that ghosts are an illusion created by the mind. Patients who suffer from neurological or psychiatric conditions often report ‘strange presences.’

And people experiencing extreme physical or emotional pain often claim to have seen ghostly outlines or felt that departed loved ones were back in the room with them.

Now, however, scientists in Switzerland have shown that ghosts are probably just an illusion created by the mind when it momentarily loses track of the body’s location because of illness, exertion or stress.

Volunteers took part in an experiment which mixed up their movements and brain signals.


They saw up to four phantoms positioned around them and believed that ghosts were touching their backs with invisible fingers.

Professor Olaf Blanke, from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, said: "Our experiment induced the sensation of a foreign presence in the laboratory for the first time.

“It shows that it can arise under normal conditions, simply through conflicting sensory-motor signals.

"This confirms that it is caused by an altered perception of their own bodies in the brain."

To manifest their ghosts, the scientists set up a robot device that allowed volunteers to control the movements of a jointed mechanical arm with their index fingers.

The movements were relayed to another robot arm behind them which touched their backs.

When both the finger-pushing and back-touching occurred at the same time, it created the illusion that the volunteers were caressing their own backs.

That felt weird enough to the blindfolded participants. But something a lot stranger happened when the back-touching was delayed and about 500 milliseconds out of sync with the finger movements.

Suddenly the volunteers felt as if they were being watched, and touched, by one or more ghostly presences.

At the same time, they had the disconcerting sensation of drifting backwards, towards the unseen hand.

When questioned, several reported a strong feeling of invisible people being close to them. On average, they counted two, with up to four being reported.

Two of the 12 healthy participants were so disturbed by the experience that they asked the scientists to halt the experiment.

Co-author Dr Giulio Rognini, also from the EPFL, said: "Our brain possesses several representations of our body in space.

“Under normal conditions, it is able to assemble a unified self-perception of the self from these representations.

“But when the system malfunctions because of disease - or, in this case, a robot - this can sometimes create a second representation of one's own body, which is no longer perceived as 'me' but as someone else, a 'presence'."

An experiment showing that ghosts can be created in the lab

A master-slave robotic system was used to allow participants to move their arms forward and receive tactile feedback on the back.

The experiment suggests that "feelings of presence" (FOPs), often interpreted as spirits, angels or demons, are really all in the mind, say the researchers.

Such experiences are frequently reported by people in extreme physical or emotional situations, such as mountaineers and explorers, or those grieving for a lost loved one.

They are also associated with medical conditions that affect the brain, including epilepsy, stroke, migraine and cancer.

In their paper, the researchers describe the case of mountaineer, Reinhold Messner, who had an FOP experience while descending from the summit of the Himalayan peak Nanga Parbat in June, 1970.

Accompanied by his brother, he was freezing, exhausted and oxygen-starved. He recalled becoming aware of a third climber "descending with us, keeping a regular distance, a little to my right and a few steps away from me, just outside my field of vision".

Before conducting the experiment, the researchers carried out brain scans of 12 patients with neurological disorders who had encountered FOPs in the past.

They identified disturbances in three specific brain regions, the insular cortex, parietal-frontal cortex, and temporo-parietal cortex. All were involved in self-awareness, movement, and sense of position in space.

The research was published in the journal Current Biology.

I love stuff like this, and the "out of body experience" chemical-switch experiments. The faster woowoo bullshit dies off, the better humanity will be.

 

[Chmpocalypse]

Ghost in the machine

Ghost IS the machine

 

[Log4Girlz]

Can they use them to magically animate golems and power turbines and shit.

Still waiting on someone to explain how my siblings and I all saw the same dude in our house in different times and contexts over a couple months, when we all didn't tell each other because we didn't want to seem crazy, until a random ghost discussion came up a couple years later. I guess a skeptic could assume it was that thing where you come up with fake memories or something, but it was a deeply novel and impressing experience for each of us before we ever discussed it. We came to the table with the details, we didn't hash them out together.

I'm not saying it was a spirit, but when you see a stranger in your house in the middle of the day and he fucking vanishes before your eyes before you can say anything to him because you thought he was a real person, that's a little different from a "sense of something there" or a blob in the dark. Either we all have a psychic bond to transmit the same hallucination to each other or something incredibly complicated went on.

You filmed it right?

 

[Orayn]

Probably something in your house/near your house vibrating.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrasound#Suggested_relationship_to_ghost_sightings

That seems like a somewhat rarer set of circumstances, I'm sure a lot of ghost sightings can be chalked up to our senses tricking us into seeing patterns that aren't really there. The human brain is kind of built to do that, so it's not surprising that we have widespread phenomena that involve seeing various "somethings" in random stimuli. The specific forms people see is probably a religious and/or culturally driven factor, hence why we've had a huge decrease in the number of visitations by succubi and the relatively new trend of having alien encounters.

 

[Whitechocolatekrispies]

Still waiting on someone to explain how my siblings and I all saw the same dude in our house in different times and contexts over a couple months, when we all didn't tell each other because we didn't want to seem crazy, until a random ghost discussion came up a couple years later. I guess a skeptic could assume it was that thing where you come up with fake memories or something, but it was a deeply novel and impressing experience for each of us before we ever discussed it. We came to the table with the details, we didn't hash them out together.

I'm not saying it was a spirit, but when you see a stranger in your house in the middle of the day and he fucking vanishes before your eyes before you can say anything to him because you thought he was a real person, that's a little different from a "sense of something there" or a blob in the dark. Either we all have a psychic bond to transmit the same hallucination to each other or something incredibly complicated went on.

Well you know when you eat a really bad burrito with some funky salsa? Your intestines hurt and cause you fart.

That's sort of what your brain is doing. Combine this is with millions of different sensory inputs, constantly filtering and analysing the data. It goes wrong, quite a lot. Hence you got a brain fart. Coupled that brain fart with our brains unique ability to see certain objects in randomness, Pareidolia. Boom you see faces, men, blah blah blah.

 

[Tesseract]

That seems like a somewhat rarer set of circumstances, I'm sure a lot of ghost sightings can be chalked up to our senses tricking us into seeing patterns that aren't really there. The human brain is kind of built to do that, so it's not surprising that we have widespread phenomena that involve seeing various "somethings" in random stimuli. The specific forms people see is probably a religious and/or culturally driven factor, hence why we've had a huge decrease in the number of visitations by succubi and the relatively new trend of having alien encounters.

my alien captors are always succubi, orayn

 

[Dice]

Probably something in your house/near your house vibrating.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraso...host_sightings

Well you know when you eat a really bad burrito with some funky salsa? Your intestines hurt and cause you fart.

That's sort of what your brain is doing. Combine this is with millions of different sensory inputs, constantly filtering and analysing the data. It goes wrong, quite a lot. Hence you got a brain fart. Coupled that brain fart with our brains unique ability to see certain objects in randomness, Pareidolia. Boom you see faces, men, blah blah blah.

Nothing in this shows any possibility of creating something not only so detailed for one person (i.e. seeing what looks like a real person, in a brightly lit kitchen in the daytime, of a specific age and face/hair and outfit, down to specific fabrics, making expressions and actions), but exactly the same among four people.

You filmed it right?

Yeah totally, we all walked around the house with camcorders every single day of our lives just in case anything weird happened.

 

[Saganator]

Everything you "see" is just an image processed by your brain. I don't know why it's so hard for people to believe that your brain can fuck up and make you think you saw something that wasn't there.

I find it funny that people would rather believe in ghosts than believe science.

 

[ThoseDeafMutes]

Still waiting on someone to explain how my siblings and I all saw the same dude in our house in different times and contexts over a couple months, when we all didn't tell each other because we didn't want to seem crazy, until a random ghost discussion came up a couple years later. I guess a skeptic could assume it was that thing where you come up with fake memories or something, but it was a deeply novel and impressing experience for each of us before we ever discussed it. We came to the table with the details, we didn't hash them out together.

How old were you all? How long ago was it? Unless you all wrote down your detailed thoughts prior to talking to each other, and had an indelible recording of your conversations, we can't really be expected to trust you on all of these points. It's not reasonable to expect a 12 year old to be familiar with the intricacies and pitfalls of witness testimony, and to sit down and make a tape recording of this shit, but then again, we'd be forced to conclude that ghosts, demons, alien abductions and pretty much every religion on Earth were all simultaneously true if this was the standard of evidence we were using for it. This is an implicit problem with conversations on the supernatural, testimony is the only thing we have going on for it but it's really hard to question someone's testimony without essentially accusing them of being "crazy" on some level or lying to us.

 

[Dice]

I find it funny that people would rather believe in ghosts than believe science.

But I agree. I don't have any beliefs about what I saw, just that it is something my siblings and I saw, and there hasn't yet been any reasonable explanation for the phenomena. My brother seems to think it a possibility that there was a quantum fold or cosstalk or something between overlaying realities or time periods (he was dressed as in the 1920s, and our house was very old too), so the guy was in his house thinking he saw random teenagers. Kind of a funny "scientific" thought.

How old were you all? How long ago was it? Unless you all wrote down your detailed thoughts prior to talking to each other, and had an indelible recording of your conversations, we can't really be expected to trust you on all of these points. It's not reasonable to expect a 12 year old to be familiar with the intricacies and pitfalls of witness testimony, and to sit down and make a tape recording of this shit, but then again, we'd be forced to conclude that ghosts, demons, alien abductions and pretty much every religion on Earth were all simultaneously true if this was the standard of evidence we were using for it. This is an implicit problem with conversations on the supernatural, testimony is the only thing we have going on for it but it's really hard to question someone's testimony without essentially accusing them of being "crazy" on some level or lying to us.

I'm not saying my testimony should be proof. I'm just saying that explaining how people could see vague figures in no way explains my experience in a reasonable way to my conviction.

As an outsider to those experiences, you could either say "Well then you got it wrong, because this phenomenon combined with this one says you are probably mistaken" or you could say "Hmm, well maybe there is a different phenomenon that can likewise find a reasonable explanation still."

After all, nobody had "proof" of witnessing vague figures and having a sense of beings in the room, did they? They had testimony, and investigated it. You choose when the road of scientific discovery ends. For me, it is not neatly wrapped up with seeing vague figures and memory alteration.

 

[speculawyer]

The brain is amazing. May I recommend books by Oliver Sachs and VS Ramachandran.

 

[Air]

The brain is amazing. May I recommend books by Oliver Sachs and VS Ramachandran.

VS Ramachandran is really good from what I remember. I read a few pages of phantoms in the brain and it was really good. I have to make time to read it all.

 

[pringles]

Right? Something actually WAS touching them, remotely controlled by their own movement.

That's not equivalent of a real life ghost "sighting". This doesn't prove a thing, even though ghosts most likely are just distorted perception.

If there were real ghosts, science would have found them by now.

What science is doing here is proving that a lot of the ghostly expriences people have had can be easily explained by our brains mailfunctioning. The experiment is designed to artificially create such a mailfunction in the brain.

 

[Air]

If there were real ghosts, science would have found them by now.

What science is doing here is proving that a lot of the ghostly expriences people have had can be easily explained by our brains mailfunctioning. The experiment is designed to artificially create such a mailfunction in the brain.

The experiment doesn't really do a good job of that, as others have pointed out in this thread.

 

[ShadowKingpin]

This has video footage: http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-ghost-robot-20141105-story.html

 

[ThoseDeafMutes]

As an outsider to those experiences, you could either say "Well then you got it wrong, because this phenomenon combined with this one says you are probably mistaken" or you could say "Hmm, well maybe there is a different phenomenon that can likewise find a reasonable explanation still."

You said at the start you're waiting for someone to explain your experience to your satisfaction - but we can't, because explanations we might give have, according to you, already been accounted for and deemed unconvincing. I would be happy to have a discussion about why some of your theorised alternate explanations, which include psychic manifestations, could be ruled out, but I don't have any new theories to give you.

After all, nobody had "proof" of witnessing vague figures and having a sense of beings in the room, did they? They had testimony, and investigated it. You choose when the road of scientific discovery ends. For me, it is not neatly wrapped up with seeing vague figures and memory alteration.

They measured testimony because that was the DV in their experiment. They changed the IV and saw how the DV changed in response. That's not comparable to your scenario, which is an anecdote recalled from an earlier point in your life.

If you'd like to propose explanations we can investigate them, but there are good reasons why we are so quick to assume "user error" (so to speak) rather than any one of a number of supernatural phenomena.

 

[MetatronM]

The experiment doesn't really do a good job of that, as others have pointed out in this thread.

It does a pretty good job of it, actually. It doesn't address a number of different types of supposed supernatural activity at all, but what it does prove is that by tricking the brain and give it feedback that is different from what it expects it to be, even in an incredibly minor way, your brain goes immediately to the next obvious explanation, i.e. "there's something else in the room with me." Which is the likely explanation for many many so-called ghost sightings.

 

[Poimandres]

If there were real ghosts, science would have found them by now.

What science is doing here is proving that a lot of the ghostly expriences people have had can be easily explained by our brains mailfunctioning. The experiment is designed to artificially create such a mailfunction in the brain.

This line of reasoning doesn't work for me. We are limited by the tools we have at our disposal, and I'm sure there are all kinds of exotic phenomena out there that have NOT been explained/acknowledged by science.

I don't believe in ghosts by the way, this is just talking generally.

For example, in Australia we have a phenomenon known as "min min lights". Odd orbs or balls of light which have been seen by people in certain regions for decades. There are a few possible explanations that have been proposed, and it's almost acknowledged as a real phenomena despite a lack of hard evidence... but these explanations are flawed or only seem to account for some of the reports, and actually recording min min lights has proved difficult despite them being relatively common. I do think min min lights are something totally terrestrial, but they do serve as a good example of something that science has struggled to explain that should be relatively easy to pin down.

 

[Simon Belmont]

Still waiting on someone to explain how my siblings and I all saw the same dude in our house in different times and contexts over a couple months, when we all didn't tell each other because we didn't want to seem crazy, until a random ghost discussion came up a couple years later. I guess a skeptic could assume it was that thing where you come up with fake memories or something, but it was a deeply novel and impressing experience for each of us before we ever discussed it. We came to the table with the details, we didn't hash them out together.

I'm not saying it was a spirit, but when you see a stranger in your house in the middle of the day and he fucking vanishes before your eyes before you can say anything to him because you thought he was a real person, that's a little different from a "sense of something there" or a blob in the dark. Either we all have a psychic bond to transmit the same hallucination to each other or something incredibly complicated went on.

Why is anybody obligated to explain that to you?

 

[Orayn]

This line of reasoning doesn't work for me. We are limited by the tools we have at our disposal, and I'm sure there are all kinds of exotic phenomena out there that have NOT been explained/acknowledged by science.

I don't believe in ghosts by the way, this is just talking generally.

For example, in Australia we have a phenomenon known as "min min lights". Odd orbs or balls of light which have been seen by people in certain regions for decades. There are a few possible explanations that have been proposed, and it's almost acknowledged as a real phenomena despite a lack of hard evidence... but these explanations are flawed or only seem to account for some of the reports, and actually recording min min lights has proved difficult despite them being relatively common. I do think min min lights are something totally terrestrial, but they do serve as a good example of something that science has struggled to explain that should be relatively easy to pin down.

While I agree with this post, I just need to reinforce the massive disconnect between the lack of a perfect explanation and jumping to an exotic one that requires new assumptions to work. You're not doing this, it's just a common followup to "We don't have a 100% satisfactory model for X, therefore..."

People should remember that it's okay to just leave a question unanswered. That doesn't mean an answer can't or won't be found, it just leaves you with the unsatisfying takeaway that we just don't know yet. While it's a tempting place to insert one's own favored supernatural explanation, that's not really a scientific thing to do, especially when using that answer would leave us with more unknowns than we had before.

 

[Version 3.0]

But I agree. I don't have any beliefs about what I saw, just that it is something my siblings and I saw, and there hasn't yet been any reasonable explanation for the phenomena.

That's a very healthy attitude! Humans, in general, are too obsessive about things having explanations. When someone sees or experiences something odd, everyone jumps to explain it, and quite often, the explanation is completely ridiculous, or offensive to the subject - by which I mean it assumes the person was drunk/high, is a moron, or is lying.

And, of course, it's also common for the person to fixate on that event, as if it is a glimpse into some great secret, or whatever.

I've seen a few very strange things in my time. Just have to write them off as unexplained oddities. I do love reading about fringe stuff, though. Sometimes the moronic blanket explanations are the best part.

 

[fluffydelusions]