I am probably wrong (please be gentle if I'm wrong), but this is from what I understand.
Capitalism:
"an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state."
Without any regulations, monopolies can run rampant, workers rights are gone, most companies are only ever going to be interested in profit.
The government has stepped in, to improve many of these. There's an issue with wealth inequality.
Capitalism works best when there are some regulations. If there are none, then we could have an environment where things are monopolized. Companies sell products like oil, food at enormously inflated prices because they can. With enough competition, companies can't do this.
The other thing is that there are people that struggle to take care of their families, people that struggle to pay for taking care of their health.
If everything is privately owned, like healthcare, then these people want to make money.
In the US, we pay much more for healthcare than any of the European countries.
Europe utilizes capitalism much like we do. Where does the socialism come in?
This is the definition of socialism:
"any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods"
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/socialism
None of the European countries are "socialist." Businesses aren't collectively or governmentally owned in Europe, except for certain small aspects. Plenty of businesses are owned privately in Europe, they are Capitalists just like we are.
Are those small aspects so fundamentally different from what we have in the US?
They really aren't.
Most roads are owned by the government and taken care of by the government. We could basically consider that a socialist expenditure.
Public schools are owned by the government and taken care of by the government. We could also consider those basically socialist expenditures.
There are tons of things that could be put under the socialist brand, mail, police force, every government agency, social security, medicare, medicaid, etc, etc.
The biggest difference is that in the US, healthcare (in general) is not covered under this wing. I don't understand why people are so against including it. A lot of people seem to imply that doing this means we lose freedoms. Someone even said they'd rather die than lose those freedoms. And a handful of people made it sound like robbery, literally saying that it's stealing with a gun pointed at them. I don't know who is pointing guns at these people, but for whatever reason people are vehemently against general health care being included in this.
Much of Europe and Canada has healthcare included under that brand, and it seems because of it, they are spending far less money on the matter.
This is a pretty loose definition of Capitalism. Under this we would find Capitalism for pretty much all of human history, instead of coming into existence around the 16th and 17th centuries.
I think I'd agree that most of the European states that Americans sometimes call socialist are not in fact socialist, but they certainly aren't Capitalistic in my view either.