Bungies are notoriously awful storytellers, but Destiny is really on a whole other level. I dont know if the OP account is really what happened, but it does indeed feel gutted.
At least all the Halo games had an understandable narrative as far as tying your actions as Master Chief into driving the story onwards. It's just they went full retard with the back story and the nonsense around ancient humans etc.
With Destiny, nothing felt related. Just go here, do that. None of the alien races were fleshed out. The Speaker, Queen and Exo chick had fleeting moments of meaningless exposition. Everything to do with the Traveller, Guardians, The Light etc was briefly mentioned, then never explained or given any weight or meaning out. The entire campaign just felt like you were playing a game on shuffle. Chapters playing in random order, with no flowing narrative connecting them.
I mean, the game starts with you being brought back to life hundreds of years in the future, and this fact is never ever mentioned again by your or anyone else really sums up the game's narrative issues.