Spelunky, for one. Lots of roguelikes, puzzle games, and Games with procedurally generated levels have them.
OH yeah, I completely forgot about those, though it seems more fair for those. I think Crypt of the Necrodancer had a few too, now that you've reminded me.
This seems to be on another level though. What does doing them in Spelunky get you, a spot on a leaderboard? This is for actual ingame content which seems kinda sketch to me. Every day you don't go and do that challenge is a day of progression lost forever unless it has some form of catch up.
All it reminds me of is doing stuff like Capping valor points each week or something, not really a feeling i want when Im doin singleplayer. So yeah, it's still a ridiculous thing, just not so much for other games where it's not a progress gate.