Just to be clear, I would probably not be willing to change my mind that the problem remains unsolved after reading one study, yes. I might be able to agree that the problem is solved under some narrow set of assumptions made by the paper. I certainly would not be convinced that it is a future-proof model of economics that can be adapted to any geography, any culture, any demographic, and any political environment. Economic theory is based largely on empirical data and studying history, and you can't study the effects of things that haven't happened yet.
If we were talking about a mathematical paper I would certainly believe it, because each step can be derived from the previous step with no unknown variables.
This is true. cultural models change from place to place based on the things you mentioned. Economics aim to adapt to those things.
However, economics is not sorely based on distant history, it's based on how our current model reacted to different scenarios. We know what happens when government spends money (
http://www.investopedia.com/exam-guide/cfa-level-1/macroeconomics/multiplier-effect.asp). And we know a lot of things about the current economic issues. However, I would recommend reading the IMF study, because there is a lot of math and explaining in there and you can easily retrace every step. It's not as useless a study as you might believe.
And there will always be unknown variables. You can have a company that can output 100 pieces a day every day for a year and then that might fall to 98 because some people get sick. It would mean that you can anticipate a production of 95 to 100 units a day safely. Economics kinda work the same way. You can't be 100% sure but you can judge reasonably well.
You are assuming that all individuals are open to a change of perspective. Go to Rick Santorum and change his 'opinion' on personhood at conception. To the individuals saying that racism is a thing of the past. Marriage equality should be a states rights issue. Climate change, evolution, vaccines causing autism, etc. etc. A very large portion of this stuff is based in something that is impermeable to facts, reason, and evidence. If you are going to continually hold these views and hide behind, hey bro it's my opinion you have to respect it...well sorry no.
The thing is that Rick Santorum is as much the result of his gene predisposition as he is social polarization. He sees the world one way and all people do is challenge it crudely by making fun of him, which is why he will go back to his "bubble".
And yes, I do believe that it is possible to change his opinion. My friend was a hardcore conservative who believed gays were the devil. After years of hanging out with me and my friends he ended up changing his mind. The problem though is that it's a long and complicated process, and I know that it's far easier to just tell people they're stupid and send them studies or things like that to make them feel stupid. That doesn't work though. Beliefs can change, but it requires
a lot of hard work.
And just to be clear, I do not agree with Rich Santorum on any issue, it's just that I see how polarized the debates have become and I don't see it stopping unless we take a new approach.