Fëanor;115655300 said:
How does one go about doing something like this? What does one need!?
The first and most important piece of gear is a mount which is capable of keeping your camera pointed in the same location as the earth moves. There are a number of mounts capable of this but the best is an equatorial mount because to stay aligned you only have to move in one direction radially. If you already have a tripod, the cheapest way (~20 bucks) to do this is a home built barndoor configuration:
http://www.astropix.com/BGDA/SAMPLE2/SAMPLE2.HTM
You align the hinge of the mount to the celestial pole and turn the worm gear at a rate to correct the azimuth of the camera. This only works for short focal lengths (up to maybe 200 mm) and exposure times no more than a few minutes but is good enough to get amazing shots of the milky way or Andromeda. With a zoom lens you could maybe get a few other large deep space objects. This configuration has been used to shoot some incredible nighttime landscape images with wide angle lenses.
If you are open to spending a little more you might think of buying an entry level German equatorial mount (300-700 bucks) which is motorized and will fairly precisely keep your camera pointing in the correct location. The cheap mounts only are motorized to move the azimuth so you must be very precisely polarly aligned for it to track well. Even then there are mechanical issues that prevent perfect tracking and there will be error over long exposures.
When you get to the really long focal lengths or want longer exposures, the mounts get more expensive (700 - 10000+) to both handle the weight and to reduce mechanical periodic error as much as possible. Even with this added precision, long exposures are prone to error. To compensate, there are camera trackers which focus on a star from either a second guide scope or from a view out of the imaging plane through the main scope. The computer software sends correction commands to the motors in the mount to very precisely keep the camera pointed at the same object over very long exposures.
The mount is the most important piece of gear for astrophotography. You can have the best scope in the world but if you can't accurately track it then it is worthless for long exposure imaging.
As far as imaging cameras go you can use a DSLR or CCD cameras made especially for astrophotography. There are tring adapters for common telescope mounts for almost every make of DSLR. An important thing to realize is that most commercial cameras have IR filters to prevent overexposure from these wavelengths. Unfortunately, many nebula have emissions in these wavelengths and they will be severely attenuated with most cameras. This is not a deal breaker and you can still get some amazing shots with unmodified cameras but it is a limitation. Cannon makes a variant of their 60d (60da) with the cut filters set beyond the hydrogen emission wavelengths. Other than this many cameras can be modified to either remove or modify the cut filters for the same purpose.
Monochrome CCD cameras are the best imaging devices for astrophotography because they have built in sensor coolers to reduce thermal noise and because they can capture more information per color channel with very narrow band filters. The resulting images can be very high in contrast but these setups are expensive if you want a big sensor. Planetary imaging is usually done with webcams (small CCD sensors) and is generally much more affordable than deep sky imagery because you don't need a large sensor. Planetary images are generally taken at high frame rates as movies and then computer programs select the frames with the least atmospheric distortion and yield incredibly detailed images of the planets.
Guide cameras are typically also webcams with built in guide ports for connecting to ASCOM mount control ports or just usb ports for connecting to a laptop. They run from one to several hundred dollars.
As for lenses and telescopes: Wide-field short focal length lenses are generally best for landscape shots of the milky way or maybe Andromeda. Intermediate focal lengths beyond that can be done with zoom lenses but is best performed by a small refractor. These scopes aren't too expensive (200-300 bucks) and as a bonus as you get larger aperture scopes in the future the small refractor can become a guide scope. Longer focal lengths usually involve large aperture (8-16 inch) newtonians, scts, or dobs. Past that you are building an observatory.